Maternal mental health disorders as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder
Abstract
The autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a multifactorial syndrome hard to determinate. It is diagnosed at 36 months and is characterized by communication difficulties, social interaction and restricted, repeated and stereotyped behaviors or activities. Neuroanatomical evidence, exposure to teratogens, and behavioral differences in early stages suggest that neurobiology of ASD begins during the intrauterine period. Its development has biological and environmental components. The last component have been less studied because of the multiple gestational factors that the fetus may be exposed, for example maternal gestational diabetes, hypertension, proteinuria, preeclampsia, nutritional status and exposure to contaminants. Additionally, there are studies that have related the maternal mental health with the diagnosis of ASD -hypothesis of this work- as a modifiable environmental factor in the early stages. Their appropriate intervention could prevent the developmental disorder in the future generations or could provide evidence for an early diagnosis, and therefore, intervention. In spite of attempts to corroborate this conjecture, the inconsistencies of the results and the different methodologies that studying the environmental factors of the ASD have become into a challenge to reach solid solutions. Even so, determining prenatal or early risk factors could be critical for the prevention or even mitigation of ASD.Keywords:
Autism, autism risk, maternal mental health, mental health disordersReferences
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2. Lee, B. & Macgrath, J. “Advancing parental age and autism: multifactorial pathways”. Trends in molecular medicine 2015; 21 (2): 118–125.
3. Ministerio de Salud. Guía práctica clínica. Detección y diagnóstico oportuno de los trastornos del espectro autista. Gobierno de Chile, 2011.
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5. Froehlich-Santino, W. Londono, A. Cleveland, S. Torres, A. Phillips, J. Cohen, B. et al. “Prenatal and perinaral risk factors in a twin study of autism spectrum disorders”. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 54: 100-108.
6. Vanya, M. Karoly, S. Szucs, S. Vetro, A. Szabo, J. & Bartfai, G. “Perinatal outcomes and the risk of autism spectrum disorders-case control study”. Journal Preg and Child Health 2015; 2(5): 192
7. Roberts, A. Lyall, K. Rich-Edwards, J. Ascherio, A. & Weisskopf, M. “Maternal exposure to intimate partner abuse before birth is associated with autism spectrum disorder in offspring”. Autism 2015. doi: 10.1177/1362361314566049
8. Roberts, A. Lyall, K. Rich-Edwards, J. Ascherio, A. & Weisskopf, M. “Association of maternal exposure to childhood abuse with elevated risk for autism in offspring”. Jama psychiatry 2013; 70 (5): 508-515.
9. Fairthorne, J. Hammond, G. Bourke, J. Klerk, N. & Leonard, H. “Maternal psychiatric disorder and the risk of autism spectrum disorder or intelectual disability in subsequent offsring”. J Autism Dev Disord 2015.
10. Rai, D. Lee, B. Dalman, C. Golding, J. Lewis, G. & Magnusson, C. “Parental depression, maternal antidepressant use during pregnancy, and risk of autism spectrum disorders: population based case-control study”. BMJ 2013.
11. Kim, Y. & Leventhal, B. (2015). “Genetic epidemiology and insights into interactive genetic and evironmental effects in autims sprectrum disorders”. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77: 66-74.
